時間：2015-01-22 15:21來源：藍天飛行翻譯公司 作者：民航翻譯 點擊：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. (1) The nearest suitable aerodrome, or (2) A dedicated aerodrome assigned by the appropriate Authority unless considerations aboard the aircraft dictate otherwise. ICAO Annex 2: 3.7.2 8.8.2.10 TIME CHECKS (a) Each PIC shall use Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC), expressed in hours and minutes of the 24-hour day beginning at midnight, in flight operations. (b) Each PIC shall obtain a time check before operating a controlled flight and at such other times during the flight as may be necessary. (c) Whenever time is used in the application of data link communications, it shall be accurate to within one second of UTC. Note: The time checks above in Subsection 8.8.2.10 (a) and (b) are normally obtained from an air traffic services unit unless other arrangements have been made by the operator or by the appropriate ATC Authority. ICAO Annex 2: 3.5.1; 3.5.2; 3.5.3 8.8.2.11 UNIVERSAL SIGNALS (a) Upon observing or receiving any of the designated universal aviation signals as contained in IS: 8.8.2.11 and IS: 8.8.1.28, each person operating an aircraft shall take such action as may be required by the interpretation of the signal. (b) The universal aviation signals shall have only the meaning indicated in the implementing standard. (c) Each person using universal signals in the movement of aircraft shall only use them for the purpose indicated. (d) No person may use signals likely to cause confusion with universal aviation signals. ICAO Annex 2: 3.4.1; 3.4.2; 3.4.3 14 CFR: 91.125 8.8.2.12 SIGNALMAN (a) No person shall guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified and approved by the appropriate authority to carry out the functions of a signalman. (b) The signalman shall wear a distinctive fluorescent identification vest to allow the flight crew to identify that he or she is the person responsible for the marshalling operation. (c) The signalman shall use the marshalling equipment as specified in paragraph MCAR 8: 8.8.1.1(c). ICAO Annex 2: 3.4.4; 3.4.5; 3.4.6 8.8.3 VFR FLIGHT RULES 8.8.3.1 VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (a) No person may operate an aircraft under VFR when the flight visibility is less than, or at a distance from the clouds that is less than that prescribed, or the corresponding altitude and class of airspace in the following table Airspace and VMC Minimums* Airspace Class A***B C D E F G Above 900 m (3000 ft) AMSL or above 300 m (1000 ft) above terrain, whichever is the higher At and below 900 m (3000 ft) AMSL or 300 m (I000 ft) above terrain, whichever is the higher Distance from cloud 1500 m (4920 ft) horizontally 300 m (1000 ft) vertically Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface Flight visibility 8 km (5 statute miles) at and above 3050 m (10000 ft) AMSL 5 km (3 statute miles) below 3050 m (10000 ft) AMSL 5 km (3 statute miles) ** *When the height of the transition altitude is lower than 3050 m (10000 ft) AMSL, FL 100 should be used in lieu of 10000 ft. ** When so prescribed by the appropriate ATC Authority lower flight visibilities to 1500 m (4920 ft) may be permitted for flights operating: 1. at speeds that, in the prevailing visibility, will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision; or 2. in circumstances in which the probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low, e.g., in areas of low volume traffic and for aerial work at low levels. Helicopters may be permitted to operate in less than 1500 m (4920 ft) flight visibility, if manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision. ***The VMC minima in Class A airspace are included for guidance to pilots and do not imply acceptance of VFR flights in Class A airspace. ICAO Annex 2: 3.9; 4.1 14 CFR: 91.155(a) 8.8.3.2 VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS FOR TAKEOFF AND LANDING (a) No person may land or takeoff an aircraft under VFR from an aerodrome located within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern airspace unless the— (1) Reported ceiling is at least 450 m (1500 ft); and (2) Reported ground visibility is at least 5 km (3 statute miles); or, except when a clearance is obtained from ATC. (a) No person may land or takeoff an aircraft or enter the traffic pattern under VFR from an aerodrome located outside a control zone, unless VMC conditions are at or above those indicated in Subsection 8.8.3.1. (b) The only exception to the required weather minimums of this subsection is during a Special VFR operation. ICAO Annex 2: 3.9; 4.2 14 CFR: 91.155(b)(d) 8.8.3.3 SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS (a) No person may conduct a Special VFR flight operation to enter the traffic pattern, land or takeoff an aircraft under Special VFR from an aerodrome located in Class B, Class C, Class D or Class E airspace unless: (1) Authorised by an ATC clearance; (2) The aircraft remains clear of clouds; and (3) The flight visibility is at least 1.5 km (1 statute mile). (b) No person may conduct a Special VFR flight operation in an aircraft between sunset and sunrise unless (1) The PIC is current and qualified for IFR operations; and (2) The aircraft is qualified to be operated for IFR flight. ICAO Annex 2: 3.6.1.1; 4.3; 4.8 14 CFR: 91.157 8.8.3.4 VFR CRUISING ALTITUDES (a) Each person operating an aircraft in level cruising flight under VFR at altitudes above 900 m (3000 ft) from the ground or water, shall maintain a flight level appropriate to the track as specified in the table of cruising levels in IS: 8.8.3.4: (b) Paragraph (a) does not apply when otherwise authorised by ATC, when operating in a holding pattern, or during maneuvering in turns. ICAO Annex 2: 4.7; Appendix 3 14 CFR: 91.159 8.8.3.5 ATC CLEARANCES FOR VFR FLIGHTS (a) Each pilot of a VFR flight shall obtain and comply with ATC clearances and maintain a listening watch before and during operations: (1) Within Classes B, C and D airspace; (2) As part of aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes; and (3) Under Special VFR. ICAO Annex 2: 4.8 14 CFR: 91.126 8.8.3.6 VFR FLIGHTS REQUIRING ATC AUTHORISATION (a) Unless authorised by the appropriate ATC Authority, no pilot may operate in VFR flight— (1) Above FL 200; or (2) At transonic and supersonic speeds. (b) ATC authorisation for VFR flights may not be granted in areas where a VSM of only 300m (1,000 ft) is applied above FL 290. (c) No person may operate in VFR flight between sunset and sunrise unless: (1) Authorised by the appropriate ATC Authority, and (2) Operating in accordance with any conditions prescribed by the Authority. ICAO Annex 2: 4.3; 4.4, 4.5 8.8.3.7 WEATHER DETERIORATION BELOW VMC (a) Each pilot of a VFR flight operated as a controlled flight shall, when he or she finds it is not practical or possible to maintain flight in VMC in accordance with the ATC flight plan— (1) Request an amended clearance enabling the aircraft to continue in VMC to its destination or to an alternative aerodrome, or to leave the airspace within which an ATC clearance is required; (2) If no clearance can be obtained, continue to operate in VMC and notify the appropriate ATC facility of the action being taken either to leave the airspace concerned or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; (3) Operating within a control zone, request authorisation to operate as a special VFR flight; or (4) Request clearance to operate in IFR, if currently rated for IFR operations. ICAO Annex 2: 3.6.2.4 8.8.3.8 CHANGING FROM VFR TO IFR (a) Each pilot operating in VFR who wishes to change to IFR shall— (1) If a flight plan was submitted, communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its current flight plan; or (2) Submit a flight plan to the appropriate ATC facility and obtain a clearance before proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace. ICAO Annex 2: 4.10 8.8.3.9 TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION FAILURE IN VFR (a) Communications Failure: General (1) In the event of communications failure, the pilot shall attempt to establish communications with the appropriate air traffic control unit using all other available means. (2) In addition, the pilot shall, when forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals. (b) If radio failure occurs in VMC while under ATC control, or if VMC conditions are encountered after the failure, each pilot shall— (1) Continue the flight under VMC; (2) Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; and (3) Report arrival to the appropriate ATC services unit by the most expeditious means possible. ICAO Annex 2: 3.6.5.2; 3.6.5.2.1 8.8.4 IFR FLIGHT RULES 8.8.4.1 APPLICABILITY (a) All aircraft operated in accordance with instrument flight procedures shall comply with the instrument flight rules, and the aerodrome instrument approach procedures approved by the STATE where the operation will take place. Note: Information for pilots on flight procedure parameters and operational procedures is contained in ICAO Doc 8168, PANS-OPS, Volume I. Criteria for the construction of visual and instrument flight procedures are contained in ICAO DOC 8186, PANS-OPS, Volume II. Obstacle clearance criteria and procedures used in certain States may differ from PANS-OPS, and knowledge of these differences is important for safety reasons. ICAO Annex 6, Part I: 4.4.8.1; 4.4.8.2 ICAO Annex 6, Part II: 2.2.4.7.1; 2.2.4.7.2; 4.16.1; 4.16.2 ICAO Annex 6, Part III, Section II: 2.4.8.1; 2.4.8.2; Annex 6, Part III, Section III: 2.16.1; 2.16.2 |
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